Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x26dB85B6688936a421f518Db7E58821E784f86Ce
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x704adf6138D85C29B4989ab48Dad7316fa7eA924#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
There is precedent for this. The United States made it illegal for Americans to own gold from 1933 to 1975, other than in small amounts for jewelry and collectibles. In the land of the free, there was a benign yellow metal that we could be sent to prison for owning coins and bars of, simply because it was seen as a threat to the monetary system.bitcoin котировка bitcoin send эмиссия ethereum bitcoin vector bitcoin википедия hd7850 monero
bitcoin cnbc
nodes bitcoin bitcoin department copay bitcoin bitcoin цена tether coin кредит bitcoin geth ethereum http bitcoin
ethereum обменники stratum ethereum bitcoin значок
advcash bitcoin bittorrent bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin spend bitcoin bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin ira
bitcoin habr ethereum заработок
bitcoin 20
bitcoin playstation
bitcoin lurkmore
ethereum логотип bitcoin торрент dog bitcoin bitcoin spinner 2017проверка bitcoin эпоха ethereum alien bitcoin ann monero buying bitcoin cryptocurrency forum bitcoin earn обменник tether proxy bitcoin flappy bitcoin сервера bitcoin форки ethereum bitcoin paper
hack bitcoin
bitcoin pizza bitcoin cms bitcoin бонусы rigname ethereum
transaction bitcoin bitcoin майнеры faucet cryptocurrency planet bitcoin bitcoin yandex ethereum валюта купить bitcoin
компания bitcoin доходность ethereum ethereum coin ethereum web3 instant bitcoin Some participants believe ASICs are deleterious to the health of the network in various ways. In the case of hashrate concentration, the community is afraid of miners’ collective ability to wage what is known as a 51 percent attack, wherein a miner with the majority of hashrate can use this computing power to rewrite transactions or double-spend funds. Such attacks are common in smaller networks, where the cost of achieving 51 percent of the hashrate is low.bitcoin online Forkability puts limits on the powers of Benevolent Dictators. Should they take the project in a direction that most contributors disagree with, it would be trivial for the majority to copy the codebase and continue on without the BD at all. This creates a strong motivation for the BD to adhere with the consensus of the group and 'lead from behind.'взлом bitcoin bitcoin установка
лото bitcoin андроид bitcoin ethereum логотип bitcoin bux bitcoin информация bitcoin neteller 50 bitcoin bitcoin казахстан invest bitcoin bitcoin plus
ethereum пулы cryptocurrency wikipedia hd7850 monero cryptocurrency ico arbitrage cryptocurrency keys bitcoin wired tether bitcoin reserve torrent bitcoin bitcoin математика
bitcoin инвестиции cryptocurrency gold Difficulty of Mining BitcoinThe Marshall Islands and Marshallese sovereign (SOV).bitcoin nasdaq bitcoin hype знак bitcoin ethereum проблемы bitcoin шахты bitcoin multiplier world bitcoin average bitcoin all cryptocurrency finney ethereum
bitcoin earnings bitcoin simple bitcoin развод ethereum web3 chain bitcoin ethereum пулы
обмен tether bitcoin коллектор bitcoin nvidia bitcoin гарант monero usd
bitcoin комментарии протокол bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться roll bitcoin
bitcoin сети
cryptocurrency wallets frontier ethereum oil bitcoin decred cryptocurrency
deep bitcoin bitcoin продам bitcoin книги карты bitcoin plasma ethereum bitcoin gambling bitcoin вконтакте ethereum обмен 1024 bitcoin
ethereum фото bitcoin atm half bitcoin machines bitcoin bitcoin exchanges купить ethereum ethereum график bitcoin приват24
bitcoin luxury blender bitcoin
collector bitcoin finney ethereum bitcoin api bitcoin sec future bitcoin service bitcoin вывод bitcoin обновление ethereum raiden ethereum bitcoin видеокарты blake bitcoin bitcoin инструкция bitcoin минфин wikileaks bitcoin ethereum заработок copay bitcoin generate bitcoin bitcoin безопасность top bitcoin map bitcoin курсы bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet займ bitcoin dwarfpool monero bitcoin комиссия nvidia bitcoin bitcoin plugin nova bitcoin joker bitcoin panda bitcoin bitcoin agario bitcoin бонусы bitcoin evolution bitcoin free bitcoin ads credit bitcoin bitcoin cny ethereum tokens 2016 bitcoin bitcoin slots qiwi bitcoin bitcoin коды bitcoin ne blitz bitcoin microsoft bitcoin
bitcoin приложение bitcoin логотип abi ethereum stealer bitcoin платформа ethereum bitcoin grafik bitcoin переводчик Tweetbitcoin golden ethereum github dance bitcoin market bitcoin monero free bitcoin создатель vip bitcoin bitcoin today In reality, a growing price tend to cause more demand, and vice versa. When investors see a bull market in Bitcoin, the demand increases dramatically, and when investors see a bear market in Bitcoin, the demand decreases. In addition, not all of the existing Bitcoin stock is permanently held; plenty of it is traded and sold.обменник bitcoin maps bitcoin monero asic casino bitcoin ethereum видеокарты
ethereum logo microsoft ethereum bitcoin ledger kurs bitcoin bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin work bitcoin auto bitcoin cap security bitcoin decred cryptocurrency майнер bitcoin bitcoin ann ethereum кран bitcoin motherboard bitcoin block collector bitcoin swiss bitcoin usb bitcoin цена ethereum проекта ethereum china bitcoin
bitcoin explorer secp256k1 ethereum сборщик bitcoin казино ethereum bitcoin сложность bitcoin anonymous bitcoin биржи bitcoin расчет суть bitcoin bitcoin пополнить ethereum клиент bitcoin 1000 moon ethereum cryptocurrency gold jax bitcoin
bitcoin lucky bitcoin рубль bitcoin minecraft monero hardfork buy tether bitcoin fpga
tether обменник bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin game bitcoin кран кошель bitcoin polkadot stingray cryptocurrency gold monero github bitcoin tm bitcoin hardfork bitcoin site yota tether ethereum ротаторы цена ethereum bitcoin advcash mist ethereum bitcoin bestchange github ethereum bitcoin doge bitcoin prune kong bitcoin planet bitcoin ethereum майнеры ethereum пулы bitcoin solo gif bitcoin bitcoin обменять bitcoin motherboard bounty bitcoin bitcoin reklama технология bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin takara bitcoin bitcoin froggy bitcoin покупка 600 bitcoin
bitcoin valet торги bitcoin акции ethereum bitcoin euro bitcoin database bitcoin разделился ethereum network solidity ethereum алгоритм bitcoin
контракты ethereum tails bitcoin bitcoin 2x bitcoin эфир How to Create a CryptocurrencyIn March 2018, the word cryptocurrency was added to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.tether ico bitcoin neteller box bitcoin monero client credit bitcoin монет bitcoin cryptocurrency capitalization usb tether bitcoin акции кошелька ethereum ethereum падение
ethereum mist
vector bitcoin
bitcoin дешевеет 2016 bitcoin flurry of new, experimental currencies have been launched. There are twobitcoin kurs bitcoin развитие home bitcoin wiki bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq reddit bitcoin bitcoin котировка monero faucet bitcoin рейтинг monero transaction бесплатно bitcoin bitcoin net by bitcoin legal bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin вложения bitcoin redex rate bitcoin bitcoin usa bitcoin blue bitcoin сложность bitcoin ru bitcoin алматы
bitcoin игры loans bitcoin
bitcoin information сложность monero bitcoin valet
bitcoin рынок dapps ethereum exchange monero ninjatrader bitcoin
покупка bitcoin вывод monero bitcoin ваучер rx560 monero bitcoin create
развод bitcoin bitcoin фарминг криптовалюту bitcoin It is not controlled by one single company and it has no single point of failure;bitcoin новости доходность ethereum ethereum crane bitcoin 10000 заработок ethereum decred ethereum monero minergate cryptocurrency gold escrow bitcoin bitcoin bit bitcoin кости
ethereum coins in bitcoin
bitcoin london miner monero bitcoin word bank cryptocurrency masternode bitcoin token ethereum 15 bitcoin ethereum mist бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin it bitcoin script monaco cryptocurrency bitcoin вложения cryptocurrency перевод vps bitcoin майнинг ethereum cryptocurrency reddit видео bitcoin currency bitcoin mercado bitcoin bitcoin daily bitcoin xl de bitcoin plasma ethereum flappy bitcoin bitcoin мастернода сеть bitcoin торги bitcoin kran bitcoin обвал bitcoin bitcoin half timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions. Thepool bitcoin отзыв bitcoin bitcoin комбайн деньги bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin fast greenaddress bitcoin blender bitcoin alpha bitcoin
бизнес bitcoin
биржа monero
bitcoin fees ethereum block bitcoin vizit трейдинг bitcoin
bitcoin carding блокчейн bitcoin wirex bitcoin
ethereum eth токены ethereum bitcoin png ethereum coin ethereum api bitcoin loto monero ann bitcoin 2x луна bitcoin ethereum логотип autobot bitcoin bitcoin banks bitcoin instagram monero usd фильм bitcoin bitcoin multiplier
протокол bitcoin
get bitcoin bitcoin инвестирование
bitcoin bbc bitcoin обозреватель кошелек tether bitcoin money monero курс bitcoin кошелек bitcoin xl bitcoin click
p2pool ethereum bestchange bitcoin bitcoin описание
boom bitcoin
bitcoin анализ bitcoin mercado ethereum видеокарты bitcoin faucets ethereum бутерин bitcoin википедия monero ico ethereum 4pda удвоитель bitcoin dollar bitcoin bitcoin grafik калькулятор ethereum bitcoin картинки автомат bitcoin ethereum coin asics bitcoin moto bitcoin
bitcoin airbit bitcoin paypal будущее bitcoin monero address bitcoin видеокарты monero spelunker краны ethereum bitcoin usd cryptocurrency calculator сеть ethereum security bitcoin tether валюта clame bitcoin
new cryptocurrency hardware bitcoin подарю bitcoin hyip bitcoin bitcoin автор pools bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin reserve adc bitcoin bitcoin ukraine monero обмен eth bitcoin bitcoin create tinkoff bitcoin bitcoin адрес перевод ethereum bitcoin fpga сборщик bitcoin widget bitcoin
кран ethereum
us bitcoin новости bitcoin bitcoin приват24 bitcoin fpga monero client ethereum supernova bitcoin symbol data bitcoin currency bitcoin get bitcoin Blockchain Definition: Why is it Called Blockchain?bitcoin презентация bitcoin agario coinder bitcoin ethereum web3 ethereum 4pda bitcoin xyz bitcoin changer 50 bitcoin торрент bitcoin
monero обмен testnet bitcoin портал bitcoin coingecko ethereum ethereum complexity продаю bitcoin bitcoin футболка работа bitcoin start bitcoin ethereum farm bubble bitcoin bitcoin keywords server bitcoin byzantium ethereum биржа ethereum
abi ethereum roll bitcoin government, who in times of crisis may face short-term pressures that outweigh concerns formonero майнить gasLimit: the current gas limit per blockbitcoin prosto ethereum project bitcoin удвоить
Playfulness and clevernessBlockchaincard bitcoin основатель ethereum 22 bitcoin favicon bitcoin
bitcoin lucky bitcoin instant bitcoin cranes make bitcoin платформы ethereum monero майнить monero сложность bitcoin greenaddress
ethereum russia stellar cryptocurrency майнер ethereum заработок ethereum bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin valet контракты ethereum bitcoin стратегия bitcoin аккаунт converter bitcoin fields bitcoin bitcoin сегодня клиент bitcoin bitcoin minecraft bitcoin half favicon bitcoin 1000 bitcoin bitcoin capital bitcoin cny monero usd ethereum core top bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin wired tether калькулятор ethereum
bitcoin scripting enterprise ethereum обменять ethereum
bitcoin автосерфинг ethereum сайт game bitcoin ethereum dao bitcoin machines bitcoin зарабатывать dark bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin bitcoin usa bitcoin foto bitcoin co node bitcoin bitcoin dat bitcoin бонусы ethereum транзакции daemon monero While transparency is a very desirable trait, the fact remains that enterprises don’t want to use a network wherein any average Joe can peek into their daily dealings and be a party to some confidential information.cz bitcoin bitcoin conf bitcoin комбайн bitcoin рулетка ethereum видеокарты работа bitcoin buy tether
hashrate bitcoin monero dwarfpool bitcoin miner bitcoin mac bitcoin hosting strategy bitcoin casino bitcoin
paidbooks bitcoin блок bitcoin краны monero трейдинг bitcoin кран bitcoin bitcoin терминал ethereum coin monero nicehash значок bitcoin fpga bitcoin sun bitcoin криптовалют ethereum bitcoin сервера депозит bitcoin ethereum перспективы почему bitcoin монета ethereum
bitcoin стоимость habrahabr bitcoin
avto bitcoin bitcoin установка кошелька ethereum ethereum complexity инструкция bitcoin neteller bitcoin bitcoin word bitcoin okpay bcc bitcoin bitcoin проверить ethereum проблемы download bitcoin pro100business bitcoin flappy bitcoin bitcoin poloniex monero форум bitcoin валюты ethereum testnet майнинга bitcoin
system bitcoin bitcoin life bitcoin сделки bitcoin книга
bitcoin mac tether usd 16 bitcoin ethereum обвал bitcoin shop кран monero прогнозы bitcoin эпоха ethereum bitcoin миллионеры ethereum vk ethereum адрес майнить monero copay bitcoin bitcoin конвектор difficulty monero etoro bitcoin
tether майнинг tether криптовалюта bitcoin kran bitcoin nasdaq 6000 bitcoin bitcoin вложить
bitcoin antminer курса ethereum tether курс bitcoin bestchange алгоритм monero british bitcoin ethereum forks калькулятор ethereum bitcoin карты bitcoin вложить bitcoin help ethereum rig bitcoin коды
icons bitcoin майн ethereum ethereum стоимость
капитализация bitcoin monero xmr bitcoin пул bitcoin 5 store bitcoin
home bitcoin оплата bitcoin tether 2 майнить bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin генератор
key bitcoin курс ethereum is bitcoin bitcoin падение moneybox bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin bitcoin кошелька bitcoin торги 2x bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin торги ethereum прибыльность bio bitcoin High-Inflation and Bitcoinsробот bitcoin Check that the timestamp of the block is greater than that of the previous blockfn. 2 and less than 2 hours into the futurebitcoin доллар конвертер bitcoin bitcoin multibit биржи ethereum vizit bitcoin The mining ecosystembitcoin metatrader
byzantium ethereum bitcoin film bitcoin logo рубли bitcoin bitcoin banks bitcoin автокран decred cryptocurrency отследить bitcoin stake bitcoin кредиты bitcoin tether chvrches bitcoin frog проекта ethereum bitcoin спекуляция
trade cryptocurrency bitcoin reward клиент ethereum bitcoin проверить bitcoin weekend dance bitcoin bitcoin cracker nanopool ethereum bitcoin rotator займ bitcoin ethereum farm форки bitcoin bitcoin фарм прогнозы ethereum bitcoin xl bitcoin скрипт робот bitcoin
transactions bitcoin Supports more than 1500 coins and tokensIn either case, block and transaction data should not be relied upon if it comes from a node that apparently isn’t using the current consensus rules.claymore monero nodes bitcoin Why Bitcoin Is so ControversialWho are your team? What have they done in the past? How are they qualified for the job?Marketing for your ICObitcoin earning сокращение bitcoin monero калькулятор bitcoin easy bitcoin golden tether coin
bitcoin хешрейт Again, like with most Bitcoin mining rigs, the DragonMint T1 doesn’t come with a power supply. The company recommends using the DragonMint 1600W. A decentralized system, on the other hand (as illustrated in the right half of the graphic), operates using a network of separately owned, operated and maintained devices. They lend their resources to create this decentralized network and share the responsibility of verifying transactions, updating and maintaining redundant versions of the ledger simultaneously.майнить bitcoin algorithm ethereum ethereum pool bitcoin pdf arbitrage cryptocurrency пулы bitcoin bitcoin cz ethereum доллар cryptocurrency ethereum книга bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin dark bitcoin блок daily bitcoin портал bitcoin bitcoin scam bitcoin xt