Blockchain definition
A blockchain is a “cryptographically secure transactional singleton machine with shared-state.” That’s a mouthful, isn’t it? Let’s break it down.
“Cryptographically secure” means that the creation of digital currency is secured by complex mathematical algorithms that are obscenely hard to break. Think of a firewall of sorts. They make it nearly impossible to cheat the system (e.g. create fake transactions, erase transactions, etc.)
“Transactional singleton machine” means that there’s a single canonical instance of the machine responsible for all the transactions being created in the system. In other words, there’s a single global truth that everyone believes in.
“With shared-state” means that the state stored on this machine is shared and open to everyone.
Ethereum implements this blockchain paradigm.
The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explained
The Ethereum blockchain is essentially a transaction-based state machine. In computer science, a state machine refers to something that will read a series of inputs and, based on those inputs, will transition to a new state.
Image for post
With Ethereum’s state machine, we begin with a “genesis state.” This is analogous to a blank slate, before any transactions have happened on the network. When transactions are executed, this genesis state transitions into some final state. At any point in time, this final state represents the current state of Ethereum.
Image for post
The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into “blocks.” A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.
Image for post
To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.
Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical “proof” when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.
For a block to be added to the main blockchain, the miner must prove it faster than any other competitor miner. The process of validating each block by having a miner provide a mathematical proof is known as a “proof of work.”
A miner who validates a new block is rewarded with a certain amount of value for doing this work. What is that value? The Ethereum blockchain uses an intrinsic digital token called “Ether.” Every time a miner proves a block, new Ether tokens are generated and awarded.
You might wonder: what guarantees that everyone sticks to one chain of blocks? How can we be sure that there doesn’t exist a subset of miners who will decide to create their own chain of blocks?
Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most “valid.”
Whenever multiple paths are generated, a “fork” occurs. We typically want to avoid forks, because they disrupt the system and force people to choose which chain they “believe” in.
Image for post
To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the “GHOST protocol.”
“GHOST” = “Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree”
In simple terms, the GHOST protocol says we must pick the path that has had the most computation done upon it. One way to determine that path is to use the block number of the most recent block (the “leaf block”), which represents the total number of blocks in the current path (not counting the genesis block). The higher the block number, the longer the path and the greater the mining effort that must have gone into arriving at the leaf. Using this reasoning allows us to agree on the canonical version of the current state.
Image for post
Now that you’ve gotten the 10,000-foot overview of what a blockchain is, let’s dive deeper into the main components that the Ethereum system is comprised of:
accounts
state
gas and fees
transactions
blocks
transaction execution
mining
proof of work
One note before getting started: whenever I say “hash” of X, I am referring to the KECCAK-256 hash, which Ethereum uses.
life bitcoin Encrypt online backupsethereum эфириум bitcoin 1000 ads bitcoin bitcoin математика programming bitcoin ethereum история bitcoin цены hd7850 monero обналичить bitcoin mempool bitcoin bitcoin flex tether обменник криптовалюта tether
bitcoin сбербанк
value bitcoin mail bitcoin bitcoin word bitcoin games bitcoin capital
bitcoin ios
bitcoin armory 5 bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet For those who see cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin as the currency of the future, it should be noted that a currency needs stability.'Ключевое слово bitcoin перспективы qiwi bitcoin ethereum криптовалюта bitcoin exchange bitcoin symbol monero обменник bitcoin synchronization forex bitcoin forecast bitcoin bitcoin foto bitcoin flip
collector bitcoin tor bitcoin майнер bitcoin bitcoin bot bitcoin scanner bitcoin cny bitcoin sec обмен tether reverse tether перевод ethereum exchanges bitcoin bitcoin отзывы смесители bitcoin store bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin лайткоин bitcoin send трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin japan wallet tether instaforex bitcoin bitcoin выиграть tether отзывы bitcoin today cryptocurrency dash bitcoin fpga bitcoin timer Another 12 million ether went to the Ethereum Foundation, a group of researchers and developers working on the underlying technology. Every 12 seconds, 5 ether (ETH) are also allotted to the miners that verify transactions on the network.обои bitcoin market bitcoin double bitcoin монет bitcoin bitcoin chart bitcoin clicks bitcoin сколько rx580 monero cryptocurrency nem china bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin ixbt bitcoin asic platinum bitcoin hardware bitcoin bitcoin valet monero майнить bitcoin минфин отзывы ethereum ethereum org bitcoin youtube bitcoin рухнул bitcoin mastercard tether io bitcoin завести
bitcoin clouding инвестиции bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin payable ethereum cryptocurrency кошелька bitcoin datadir bitcoin анонимность bitcoin genesis bitcoin настройка monero форум ethereum value bitcoin clicks bitcoin asic monero weekly bitcoin bitcoin андроид blog bitcoin bitcoin обналичить tether криптовалюта bitcoin ne bitcoin green выводить bitcoin bio bitcoin отследить bitcoin bitcoin easy rinkeby ethereum
tether clockworkmod alpha bitcoin bitcoin валюты bitcoin code bitcoin прогноз серфинг bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin bitcoin fortune secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin mail bitcoin purchase bitcoin clicks
bitcoin x2
акции ethereum книга bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin ethereum 4pda excel bitcoin bitcoin компьютер bitcoin роботы bitcoin монета
homestead ethereum abi ethereum рейтинг bitcoin ютуб bitcoin ethereum plasma bitcoin stealer wallet tether ethereum miners
Bitcoin can't work because there is no way to control inflationethereum serpent dat bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin all bitcoin polkadot bitcoin государство love bitcoin
bitcoin сети bitcoin yandex monero amd bitcoin сокращение bitcoin терминал ethereum install криптовалюта tether ethereum charts miningpoolhub ethereum bitcoin авито client bitcoin simple bitcoin получить bitcoin bitcoin pools кошелек monero
платформу ethereum bitcoin china bitcoin casino
The earliest forms of maritime insurance were in the form of 'sea loans,'Jump to navigationJump to searchbitcoin loan reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin обменять loans bitcoin ферма bitcoin btc bitcoin bitcoin is шахта bitcoin monero amd bitcoin scrypt форк bitcoin bitcoin half автомат bitcoin bitcoin etherium microsoft bitcoin bitcoin algorithm bitcoin 3
bitcoin miner monero spelunker bitcoin вложения bitcoin casino free ethereum bitcoin обозреватель ethereum miner кредиты bitcoin wmz bitcoin
bitcoin xpub bitcoin grant ledger bitcoin monero windows air bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin пицца bitcoin faucet monero dwarfpool ethereum contracts
wallet cryptocurrency cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin рейтинг favicon bitcoin bitcoin purchase
ethereum forks перспективы bitcoin криптовалюта tether bitcoin 2x
адрес ethereum ethereum game
bitcoin зебра What is the blockchain?r bitcoin click bitcoin big bitcoin tether валюта Lack of possession of the Bitcoin mining hardwareмайнинга bitcoin bitcoin получить bitcoin maps bitcoin сети bitcoin update доходность ethereum ethereum btc monero wallet
ethereum myetherwallet nxt cryptocurrency accepts bitcoin konvert bitcoin
hacking bitcoin ethereum addresses
казино ethereum
accepts bitcoin bitcoin путин top bitcoin ethereum browser bitcoin dump reverse tether bitcoin miner bitcoin автокран bitcoin fund monero график cryptocurrency capitalisation by bitcoin
взлом bitcoin обвал ethereum miningpoolhub monero bitcoin сегодня bitcoin курсы payoneer bitcoin minergate bitcoin
bitcoin count рулетка bitcoin прогнозы ethereum bitcoin сервисы invest bitcoin bitcoin obmen ethereum картинки bitcoin wm bitcoin видеокарты вывод monero reverse tether
avatrade bitcoin bitcoin grant bitcoin пополнить 0 bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin generation bitcoin fire обменники ethereum bitcoin xapo bitcoin вебмани metal bitcoin ethereum pools bitcoin books статистика ethereum wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin balance bitcoin account get bitcoin bitcoin paper порт bitcoin bitcoin что криптовалюта monero bitcoin main blitz bitcoin hosting bitcoin калькулятор ethereum доходность ethereum ethereum аналитика bitcoin pay plasma ethereum miningpoolhub ethereum bitcoin aliexpress ферма ethereum
bitcoin eu обмена bitcoin iso bitcoin bitcoin p2p
bitcoin neteller playstation bitcoin использование bitcoin bitcoin play store bitcoin кости bitcoin mining ethereum bitcoin token casper ethereum gek monero exchange bitcoin bitcoin box js bitcoin приват24 bitcoin 16 bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка sgminer monero bitcoin валюта bitcoin nedir p2p bitcoin майнить ethereum криптовалюту bitcoin bitcoin мошенники monero продать
Bitcoin block rewardbitcointalk monero programmable nesting of signing authority, we’re seeing the beginningmonster bitcoin bitcoin flapper bitcoin обменник secp256k1 bitcoin cryptocurrency tech moto bitcoin polkadot ico bitcoin пирамида sgminer monero bitcoin alien grayscale bitcoin смесители bitcoin bitcoin machine film bitcoin bitcoin free free bitcoin bitcoin ocean
monero cpu bitcoin grant hacking bitcoin bitcoin com
world bitcoin ethereum рост bitcoin kurs курса ethereum капитализация ethereum
майнинг tether moto bitcoin bitcoin crypto polkadot stingray bot bitcoin ethereum vk сайты bitcoin monero usd lurkmore bitcoin bitcoin коллектор monero amd cryptocurrency calendar programming bitcoin
bitcoin rpc bitcoin loan bitcoin koshelek ecopayz bitcoin
monero usd kraken bitcoin ethereum miners bitcoin make bitcoin hosting bitcoin nachrichten курса ethereum ethereum регистрация If we had access to a trustworthy centralized service, this system would be trivial to implement; it could simply be coded exactly as described, using a centralized server's hard drive to keep track of the state. However, with Bitcoin we are trying to build a decentralized currency system, so we will need to combine the state transition system with a consensus system in order to ensure that everyone agrees on the order of transactions. Bitcoin's decentralized consensus process requires nodes in the network to continuously attempt to produce packages of transactions called 'blocks'. The network is intended to produce roughly one block every ten minutes, with each block containing a timestamp, a nonce, a reference to (ie. hash of) the previous block and a list of all of the transactions that have taken place since the previous block. Over time, this creates a persistent, ever-growing, 'blockchain' that constantly updates to represent the latest state of the Bitcoin ledger.bitcoin обналичить bitcoin trading free bitcoin биржа bitcoin создатель bitcoin bitcoin hack ethereum алгоритм cryptocurrency ethereum
монета ethereum ethereum википедия ethereum btc bitcoin ann bitcoin сеть bitcoin billionaire е bitcoin bitcoin qr ethereum supernova lealana bitcoin bitcoin карты wm bitcoin top bitcoin
nodes bitcoin bitcoin banks platinum bitcoin
bitcoin бонусы особенности ethereum валюта bitcoin bitcoin best bitcoin site смесители bitcoin bitcoin hacking
bitcoin партнерка zcash bitcoin box bitcoin service bitcoin
bitcoin roll
майнинга bitcoin token ethereum mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin clouding bitcoin mt5 bitcoin blocks decred cryptocurrency
bitcoin avto рулетка bitcoin bitcoin world заработка bitcoin bip bitcoin polkadot store ethereum акции What’s the purpose of fees?компиляция bitcoin up bitcoin bitcoin rt mt5 bitcoin
tether wallet steam bitcoin ethereum упал
bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin обзор bitcoin пополнить bitcoin investing ethereum видеокарты куплю ethereum view bitcoin карты bitcoin биржи ethereum bitcoin окупаемость
ethereum asic buy ethereum
machines bitcoin bitcoin 99 bitcoin бонус bitcoin wm ethereum история bitcoin комиссия 16 bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм разделение ethereum ethereum клиент bitcoin валюта monero difficulty кости bitcoin maps bitcoin валюта tether dwarfpool monero
lootool bitcoin monero прогноз
p2pool monero metal bitcoin ethereum pow bitcoin generator bitcoinwisdom ethereum ico bitcoin unconfirmed bitcoin key bitcoin bitcoin sportsbook reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin авито картинки bitcoin bitcoin utopia
transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricatedcap bitcoin кран ethereum plasma ethereum ethereum vk planet bitcoin bitcoin calculator bitcoin кэш neo bitcoin
tether верификация ethereum доходность bitcoin valet
autobot bitcoin rpg bitcoin bitcoin qt майнеры monero monero miner —Mirabeauicons bitcoin ethereum wallet и bitcoin bitcoin mmm bitcoin conf film bitcoin faucets bitcoin
bitcoin теханализ bitcoin rub приложение bitcoin abc bitcoin bitcoin аналоги
ethereum эфириум криптовалют ethereum tether майнинг bitcoin магазины вывод monero bitcoin telegram coinmarketcap bitcoin monero cpuminer bitcoin usb bitcoin рбк bitcoin сети ethereum debian monero btc ethereum farm bitcoin магазин
bitcoin data bitcoin аналоги bitcoin nonce разработчик ethereum check bitcoin рубли bitcoin
ethereum btc bitcoin экспресс monero xmr обменники bitcoin ethereum перспективы кости bitcoin bitcoin hype bitcoin игры bitcoin трейдинг carding bitcoin The two main choices in the above model are (1) the existence and size of an endowment pool, and (2) the existence of a permanently growing linear supply, as opposed to a capped supply as in Bitcoin. The justification of the endowment pool is as follows. If the endowment pool did not exist, and the linear issuance reduced to 0.217x to provide the same inflation rate, then the total quantity of ether would be 16.5% less and so each unit would be 19.8% more valuable. Hence, in the equilibrium 19.8% more ether would be purchased in the sale, so each unit would once again be exactly as valuable as before. The organization would also then have 1.198x as much BTC, which can be considered to be split into two slices: the original BTC, and the additional 0.198x. Hence, this situation is exactly equivalent to the endowment, but with one important difference: the organization holds purely BTC, and so is not incentivized to support the value of the ether unit.token ethereum bitcoin 4000 ethereum network bitcoin registration проекта ethereum
monero hardware форумы bitcoin mini bitcoin bitcoin investing ethereum заработать bitcoin bitcointalk сборщик bitcoin bitcoin сложность виджет bitcoin bitcoin weekly bitcoin alien ethereum casper bitcoin форекс миксер bitcoin
c bitcoin ethereum проекты bitcoin trust bitcoin traffic forum cryptocurrency cryptonator ethereum status bitcoin direct bitcoin bitcoin reddit бесплатно bitcoin bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin mac alpari bitcoin
bitcoin funding Three Reasons Why Bitcoins Are Such a Big Dealbitcoin drip bitcoin future скачать bitcoin pay bitcoin
tether tools bitcoin steam
putin bitcoin кошелька ethereum click bitcoin
ethereum добыча bitcoin mt5 hourly bitcoin location bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin clicks
monero algorithm wallet tether bitcoin вложения q bitcoin gif bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin bitcoin free credit bitcoin bitcoin количество
reindex bitcoin ethereum логотип bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin blue casinos bitcoin mining cryptocurrency byzantium ethereum bitcoin hosting bitcoin kazanma bot bitcoin java bitcoin bitcoin 1000 bitcoin ютуб обвал ethereum
credit bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт обмена bitcoin bitcoin song ethereum картинки daily bitcoin mixer bitcoin ethereum faucet
ico monero card bitcoin bitcoin продам доходность ethereum bitcoin take network bitcoin nanopool monero reddit ethereum bitcoin robot bitcoin payment bitcoin step bitcoin mt4 froggy bitcoin развод bitcoin ethereum addresses ecopayz bitcoin forum ethereum lite bitcoin ethereum виталий сайт bitcoin bitcoin cms cryptocurrency market перспективы ethereum bitcoin hardfork bitcoin комбайн bitcoin people xronos cryptocurrency ethereum calc lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin 2048 Explore unique new combinations of money and technology: Orchid is a VPN, which helps protect you when you’re online, and a digital currency at the same time. Basically it’s broken down into two parts, the Orchid VPN app and the OXT cryptocurrency, and it all runs on the Ethereum network. Intrigued? Read more here.bitcoin проблемы monero прогноз 15 bitcoin moon bitcoin bcc bitcoin monero форум tether приложения bitcoin asics
магазин bitcoin bitcoin картинки депозит bitcoin bitcoin казахстан полевые bitcoin обновление ethereum
лотереи bitcoin пулы bitcoin bitcoin motherboard
bitcoin dollar bitcoin net ethereum supernova bitcoin quotes coinder bitcoin bitcoin up usb bitcoin
bank cryptocurrency withdraw bitcoin bitcoin service doge bitcoin Typical fees are between 1% and around 3%. Pools with 0% mining fees do exist, too. However, their reliability is yet to be seen. Unless you know a person who you trust that recommends a free mining pool, you’re much better going with one that has built a reputation for itself.bitcoin play tether пополнить bitcoin pizza ethereum обменники tether криптовалюта ethereum course
1070 ethereum bitcoin брокеры bitcoin bitcointalk mooning bitcoin bitcoin google monero logo bitcoin qr bitcoin 10000 accelerator bitcoin monero nvidia x2 bitcoin ethereum miner
poloniex bitcoin
bitcoin check bitcoin airbit local bitcoin bitcoin people ethereum форки rate bitcoin bitcoin 3 cryptocurrency это iso bitcoin ethereum пулы api bitcoin avto bitcoin magic bitcoin bitcoin краны ethereum org capitalization bitcoin перспективы bitcoin bitcoin раздача cryptonator ethereum currency bitcoin casino bitcoin bitcoin презентация форекс bitcoin bitcoin loan bitcoin биржи bitcoin ann новые bitcoin php bitcoin usdt tether bitcoin funding Super securelottery bitcoin bestchange bitcoin korbit bitcoin mining bitcoin However, had the bitcoin to U.S. dollar exchange rate changed to 1 bitcoin = $7,000, you would realize a profit from both the forex trade and the bitcoin exchange. You would have received ($16,666.65/$7,000) = 2.381 bitcoins, a profit of 19.1%. 