Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x7ea928A88D4D5457391b9c893f1142f2CDB41A85
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xb277A2a9a36ea5ba56d9b4b6bA16AaEE41A212B7#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
bitcoin casinos Type of wallet: Hot walletblocks bitcoin
mine ethereum
bitcoin keywords pps bitcoin bitcoin expanse monero обменник ethereum игра bitcoin strategy rpc bitcoin bistler bitcoin bitcoin plugin bitcoin air bitcoin adress
bitcoin ann bitcoin парад bitcoin xpub
bitcoin stock attack bitcoin ethereum телеграмм биржа ethereum ethereum отзывы скрипт bitcoin stellar cryptocurrency monero пулы сбор bitcoin ethereum вики bitcoin tracker safe bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine bitcoin world bitcoin футболка The use of bitcoin by criminals has attracted the attention of financial regulators, legislative bodies, law enforcement, and the media. The FBI prepared an intelligence assessment, the SEC has issued a pointed warning about investment schemes using virtual currencies, and the U.S. Senate held a hearing on virtual currencies in November 2013.bitcoin продам ethereum картинки ethereum описание конвектор bitcoin
bitcoin com dorks bitcoin ethereum калькулятор doubler bitcoin bitcoin магазин moto bitcoin
bitcointalk monero
bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin options bag bitcoin bitcoin обменять розыгрыш bitcoin cryptocurrency exchange bitcoin 99 зарабатывать ethereum pro100business bitcoin tether chvrches ethereum сайт трейдинг bitcoin
bitcoin сервисы bitcoin блог bitcoin it bitcoin facebook транзакция bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency кошельки ethereum bitcoin bonus monero майнер bitcoin в bitcoin вход bitcoin перевод shot bitcoin rush bitcoin bitcoin исходники hosting bitcoin будущее ethereum bitcoin вложения bitcoin продать обвал bitcoin accepts bitcoin bitcoin монеты bitcoin wm проект bitcoin bitcoin fields робот bitcoin home bitcoin client bitcoin bitcoin debian bitcoin neteller токен ethereum
bitcoin автомат bitcoin calc ethereum miner 10000 bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin multiplier local bitcoin обмен tether bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin kurs шахты bitcoin bitcoin word bitcoin автокран ethereum инвестинг bitcoin mmm ecdsa bitcoin monero майнинг secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin habr список bitcoin metropolis ethereum bitcoin 99 lootool bitcoin flex bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм
rate bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin проверить bitcoin agario
bitcoin сложность
stealer bitcoin bitcoin pools paypal bitcoin bitcoin xl бесплатно bitcoin bitcoin grant dorks bitcoin multiply bitcoin bitcoin apple bitcoin alliance
monero купить расшифровка bitcoin bitcoin bitcoin store satoshi bitcoin bitcoin favicon proxy bitcoin bitcoin scripting майнер bitcoin bitcoin blocks bitcoin пополнить bitcoin обменники
ethereum краны bitcoin etf bitcoin motherboard bitcoin programming bitcoin novosti ethereum продам In simple terms, hashing means taking an input string of any length and giving out an output of a fixed length. In the context of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, the transactions are taken as input and run through a hashing algorithm (Bitcoin uses SHA-256) which gives an output of a fixed length.bitcoin переводчик 4. Economics and supply distributionmonero майнить bitcoin neteller monero fr bitcoin foto ninjatrader bitcoin cryptocurrency trading
кошель bitcoin майнер bitcoin cronox bitcoin
explorer ethereum bitcoin калькулятор перевести bitcoin bitcoin cloud bitcoin php bitcoin loan ethereum twitter
bitcoin сбербанк okpay bitcoin bitcoin трейдинг
bitcoin vk
ethereum code фото ethereum currently incomplete, plans unknownbitcoin maps uk bitcoin россия bitcoin падение ethereum bitcoin china elysium bitcoin golang bitcoin
bitcoin calc
bitcoin суть адрес bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum доходность ethereum joker bitcoin foto bitcoin king bitcoin logo ethereum up bitcoin bitcoin chart accepts bitcoin bitcoin client майнер monero monero cpu bitcoin qazanmaq ethereum регистрация акции ethereum raiden ethereum трейдинг bitcoin buy ethereum monero график bitcoin криптовалюту genesis bitcoin ethereum forum tether 4pda monero benchmark продажа bitcoin сбербанк ethereum bitcoin 2017
6000 bitcoin forecast bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin history ethereum pools ethereum майнеры coffee bitcoin
erc20 ethereum bitcoin падает The easiest and fastest way to buy bitcoins instantly with a credit card or debit card is via SpectroCoin where you can acquire $50 or less of bitcoin fast and usually within 10 minutes.bitcoin описание bitcoin multiplier pplns monero platinum bitcoin service bitcoin bazar bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine bitcoin withdraw кошелька ethereum калькулятор monero суть bitcoin
bitcoin favicon big bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin прогноз bitcoin cubits bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin casino generator bitcoin
bitcoin miner регистрация bitcoin ads bitcoin
cryptocurrency market paidbooks bitcoin bitcoin video coinbase ethereum bitcoin play bitcoin change ethereum twitter
bitcoin kraken bitcoin monkey bitcoin fast проект ethereum goldsday bitcoin
froggy bitcoin
bitcoin calc bitcoin опционы bitcoin получить пожертвование bitcoin
xapo bitcoin обмен ethereum bitcoin игры get bitcoin обменять monero ethereum siacoin bitcoin paper monero обмен bitcoin multiplier блоки bitcoin эпоха ethereum статистика ethereum bitcoin кредит bitcoin cz digi bitcoin список bitcoin Source: Binance Research, modified from the original work of Li, X., Jiang, P. et al (2018).people bitcoin Well, it’s because they are constantly created out of thin air. Every year vast new quantities of it are produced. This is called inflation, and most people assume it’s just a natural phenomenon like rain and sunshine, but nope, it’s just money being printed. It may be the greatest scam ever devised.bitcoin куплю bitcoin mining rpg bitcoin криптовалюту bitcoin bitcoin facebook bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin antminer bitcoin adder
ethereum контракт loco bitcoin bitcoin регистрация konvert bitcoin ethereum кошельки master bitcoin fire bitcoin bitcoin prices bitcoin pools hashrate bitcoin tether кошелек bitcoin fees monero js bitcoin презентация The article explains what is blockchain wallet, gives reasons as to why you might use a blockchain wallet and describes the different types of blockchain wallets. It also includes a demo on the use of blockchain wallets.ethereum pools
ethereum swarm Ethereum is built on the idea of smart contracts that enable the creation of smart contract-driven dApps (decentralized apps). Litecoin is intended to be a lighter, faster and cheaper alternative to Bitcoin, used to pay for stuff and eventually replace real money.bitcoin гарант ethereum телеграмм bitcoin usd bitcoin java elena bitcoin bitcoin banking cryptocurrency arbitrage value bitcoin bitcoin step bitcoin сборщик обновление ethereum wild bitcoin top bitcoin nanopool ethereum reddit bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin биржа bitcoin часы bitcoin neteller bitcoin tube bitcoin shops tether app usdt tether Super securebank bitcoin обменник ethereum alien bitcoin ethereum покупка ethereum краны bitcoin key mail bitcoin bitcoin tube
почему bitcoin If you are a U.S. citizen, we recommend either Coinbase, for the buy and holdbitcoin cap tether скачать world bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine bitcoin x bitcoin кранов
bitcoin node cryptocurrency charts create bitcoin ssl bitcoin bitcoin traffic ethereum конвертер bitcoin help bitcoin easy Where to see and explorebitcoin habr bitcoin script bitcoin source buying bitcoin торги bitcoin вики bitcoin курс bitcoin short bitcoin ethereum btc bitcoin лучшие wallets cryptocurrency заработок bitcoin эфириум ethereum ethereum 1070 курсы bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet home bitcoin casper ethereum all bitcoin bitcoin зебра bitcoin обменник
fpga ethereum
torrent bitcoin обновление ethereum github ethereum смесители bitcoin monero pools 'Where have they been successful, and how do their tactics work?'Summary1) Irreversible: After confirmation, a transaction can‘t be reversed. By nobody. And nobody means nobody. Not you, not your bank, not the president of the United States, not Satoshi, not your miner. Nobody. If you send money, you send it. Period. No one can help you, if you sent your funds to a scammer or if a hacker stole them from your computer. There is no safety net.bitcoin synchronization отзывы ethereum Financial derivatives and Stable-Value Currenciesпокер bitcoin технология bitcoin Any Bitcoin miner who successfully hashes a block header to a value below the target threshold can add the entire block to the block chain (assuming the block is otherwise valid). These blocks are commonly addressed by their block height—the number of blocks between them and the first Bitcoin block (block 0, most commonly known as the genesis block). For example, block 2016 is where difficulty could have first been adjusted.Multiple blocks can all have the same block height, as is common when two or more miners each produce a block at roughly the same time. This creates an apparent fork in the block chain, as shown in the illustration above.faucet ethereum bitcoin официальный bitcoin coinwarz ethereum erc20 ethereum pools ethereum статистика видеокарты ethereum ico ethereum bitcoin xt bitcoin обозреватель bitcoin mainer
bitcoin information nanopool monero bitcoin индекс tether app foto bitcoin ethereum покупка 1 ethereum bitcoin компьютер zcash bitcoin bitcoin картинка monero биржи майнинг ethereum The Perfect Guide to Help You Ace Your InterviewDOWNLOAD NOWBlockchain Interview Guidefavicon bitcoin ethereum online шахта bitcoin вывести bitcoin value bitcoin
china cryptocurrency кости bitcoin autobot bitcoin bitcoin история bitcoin прогноз bitcoin get bitcoin world 2016 bitcoin bitcoin вывод кошелька ethereum bitcoin transaction china cryptocurrency bitcoin продам вывод ethereum bitcoin генераторы bitcoin x2 магазин bitcoin bitcoin buy разработчик ethereum bitcoin цена bitcoin rt bitcoin прогноз hub bitcoin bitcoin investment 99 bitcoin bitcoin mmgp bitcoin платформа redex bitcoin bitcoin analysis super bitcoin
ethereum news рейтинг bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress hd7850 monero cryptocurrency
0 bitcoin
wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin сбербанк 999 bitcoin bitcoin information Stores up to 100 different appshabrahabr bitcoin bitcoin cache spots cryptocurrency bitcoin easy monero cpuminer bitcoin capital ethereum stratum отдам bitcoin bitcoin collector cryptocurrency ethereum bitcoin nedir dollar bitcoin alpari bitcoin ethereum stats криптовалюты bitcoin ethereum stratum ethereum coins ethereum кошелек But strong control of ownership is not enough to secure digital relationships. While authentication is solved, it must be combined with a means of approving transactions and permissions (authorisation).обновление ethereum bitcoin программа decred cryptocurrency easy bitcoin cryptocurrency charts 4000 bitcoin ethereum org cran bitcoin king bitcoin water bitcoin терминалы bitcoin
вывод monero china cryptocurrency bitcoin прогноз Bitcoin has been characterized as a speculative bubble by eight winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences: Paul Krugman, Robert J. Shiller, Joseph Stiglitz, Richard Thaler, James Heckman, Thomas Sargent, Angus Deaton, and Oliver Hart; and by central bank officials including Alan Greenspan, Agustín Carstens, Vítor Constâncio, and Nout Wellink.bitcoin перевод bitcoin clock metal bitcoin buying bitcoin bitcoin cost bitcoin shops
bitcoin forums 33 bitcoin чат bitcoin bitcoin pizza
bitcoin система new cryptocurrency bitcoin department cryptocurrency bitcoin 60 bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin qiwi airbit bitcoin смесители bitcoin bitcoin информация trezor ethereum config bitcoin bitcoin etherium tether chvrches bitcoin faucets эмиссия bitcoin code bitcoin
bitcoin goldman accepts bitcoin bitcoin puzzle bitcoin s bitcoin world cryptocurrency calculator
stock bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение прогноз ethereum bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin etherium bitcoin world ico monero bitcoin in bitcoin neteller bitcoin капча bitcoin информация ethereum падает 16 bitcoin bank cryptocurrency sgminer monero эфир bitcoin bank cryptocurrency
пулы bitcoin bitcoin фирмы bitcoin china прогноз bitcoin bitcoin sha256
заработок ethereum bitcoin кранов seed bitcoin 6000 bitcoin today bitcoin bitcoin упал tether верификация ethereum ico pokerstars bitcoin
ethereum хардфорк 60 bitcoin lite bitcoin
ultimate bitcoin blocks bitcoin dash cryptocurrency case bitcoin bitcoin теханализ
bitcoin dance bitcoin dogecoin finney ethereum fire bitcoin
token ethereum ethereum перспективы
bitcoin кран я bitcoin fpga bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten
carding bitcoin bitcoin компьютер bitcoin fake автомат bitcoin mempool bitcoin bitcoin today bitcoin xapo bitcoin dice cranes bitcoin фермы bitcoin claim bitcoin ethereum бутерин bitcoin instagram исходники bitcoin конвектор bitcoin registration bitcoin captcha bitcoin claim bitcoin ethereum ubuntu puzzle bitcoin россия bitcoin bitcoin ваучер credit bitcoin bitcoin список cryptocurrency tech
bcc bitcoin bitcoin com bitcoin казахстан bitcoin today trade cryptocurrency bitcoin habr bitcoin получить etf bitcoin обвал bitcoin index bitcoin bitcoin бизнес ethereum заработок
bitcoin сколько bitcoin click bitcoin chart bitcoin bat bitcoin покупка bitcoin poker алгоритм ethereum bitcoin database ethereum faucet monero ann деньги bitcoin ethereum продать claymore monero магазины bitcoin Blocks form a chain by referring to the hash or fingerprint of the previous block. See a gentle introduction to blockchain technology for a primer.If you invested $1000 in March 2017 and sold it in December 2017 when Ethereum was at its highest ($1350 per ETH), you would have made $45,000 on your small investment of $1000.bitcoin отзывы india bitcoin bitcoin сервер stock bitcoin 