Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
bitcoin best
bitcoin click
bitcoin usa How does the network encourage miners to participate in maintaining the blockchain? Again, taking Bitcoin as an example, the network holds a lottery in which all the mining rigs around the world race to become the first to solve a math problem, which also verifies and updates the blockchain with new transactions. Each winner is awarded new bitcoin, which can then make its way into the broader marketplace.bitcoin froggy
bitcoin порт bitcoin github bitcoin mt5 lurkmore bitcoin credit bitcoin ethereum хешрейт форк ethereum tether usb bitcoin io
github ethereum bitcoin торрент asics bitcoin ethereum stats monero обменять bitcoin лучшие
bitcoin trading ethereum настройка bitcoin widget bitcoin 999 теханализ bitcoin майнинг ethereum доходность ethereum
pirates bitcoin bitcoin department san bitcoin monero майнинг bitcoin блок mine ethereum
investment bitcoin ethereum статистика video bitcoin monero cpuminer monero amd депозит bitcoin ethereum core bitcoin эмиссия monero blockchain bitcoin casino wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin x курсы bitcoin
bitcoin доллар bounty bitcoin bitcoin api attack bitcoin bitcoin income bitcoin ecdsa транзакция bitcoin депозит bitcoin
hashrate bitcoin bonus bitcoin konvertor bitcoin
monero обмен amazon bitcoin payza bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin login ethereum ann community bitcoin bitcoin прогноз терминалы bitcoin bitcoin rt алгоритм monero bitcoin net bitcoin key kraken bitcoin bitcoin 99
пулы monero
ssl bitcoin
This wallet type is meant for your mobile devices but it can be used on your desktop as well. Jaxx also supports multiple cryptocurrencies. It boasts an elegant design, robust security, and private keys that never leave your device. It also features seed keys to recover your wallet.How to Invest In Ethereum?strategy bitcoin bitcoin prices bitcoin reindex ethereum plasma bitcoin office bitcoin capitalization bitcoin bloomberg nova bitcoin bitcoin вирус bitcoin co bitcoin income new bitcoin config bitcoin bitcoin ebay bitcoin роботы bitcoin сокращение bitcoin symbol nanopool monero bitcoin banks bitcoin lion bitcoin bcc satoshi bitcoin monero rub
google bitcoin
bitcoin 0 bitcoin china arbitrage cryptocurrency parity ethereum сложность monero captcha bitcoin bitcoin rus yandex bitcoin ethereum виталий bitcoin investment coin bitcoin Ключевое слово bitcoin sportsbook
In their follow-up papers, Haber and Stornetta introduced other ideas that make this data structure more effective and efficient (some of which were hinted at in their first paper). First, links between documents can be created using hashes rather than signatures; hashes are simpler and faster to compute. Such links are called hash pointers. Second, instead of threading documents individually—which might be inefficient if many documents are created at approximately the same time—they can be grouped into batches or blocks, with documents in each block having essentially the same time-stamp. Third, within each block, documents can be linked together with a binary tree of hash pointers, called a Merkle tree, rather than a linear chain. Incidentally, Josh Benaloh and Michael de Mare independently introduced all three of these ideas in 1991,6 soon after Haber and Stornetta's first paper.CRYPTOnicehash monero tether usb bitcoin чат polkadot store ethereum бесплатно tether plugin sec bitcoin
ethereum course bitcoin ethereum сбербанк bitcoin ethereum blockchain
iphone bitcoin пул monero bitcoin primedice ethereum падение bitcoin торговать equihash bitcoin bitcoin блок bitcoin girls bitcoin прогноз
zebra bitcoin tails bitcoin bitcoin novosti search bitcoin avatrade bitcoin ethereum перспективы bitcoin значок daemon monero puzzle bitcoin There are two types of transactions: message calls and contract creations (i.e. transactions that create new Ethereum contracts).раздача bitcoin bitcoin surf инструкция bitcoin nova bitcoin bitcoin вклады валюта tether cryptocurrency charts bitcoin banking bitcoin мерчант bitcoin bitrix bitcoin knots elysium bitcoin avatrade bitcoin uk bitcoin course bitcoin bitcoin список ethereum tokens bitcoin суть bitcoin кошелька lootool bitcoin bitcoin alliance ethereum ico cronox bitcoin кошелек ethereum investment bitcoin bitcoin converter check bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin surf bitcoin bitcoin trade bitcoin торговля bitcoin farm фарм bitcoin ethereum dark bitcoin capitalization blog bitcoin бот bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin work обменять monero hd bitcoin bitcoin пирамида fast bitcoin 6000 bitcoin
bitcoin generation bitcoin crash The assumption is that bitcoins must be sold immediately to cover operating expenses. If the shopkeeper's back-end expenses were transacted in bitcoins as well, then the exchange rate would be irrelevant. Larger adoption of Bitcoin would make prices sticky. Future volatility is expected to decrease, as the size and depth of the market grows.habrahabr bitcoin новые bitcoin masternode bitcoin
bitcoin china bitcoin алгоритм
cryptocurrency wikipedia bitcoin stock Permissionless- Transactions are approved by any and all users.bitcoin приложение carding bitcoin ethereum clix bitcoin суть seed bitcoin monero proxy фри bitcoin
мастернода bitcoin bitcoin pps создатель bitcoin
monero алгоритм the ethereum bitcoin торговля скрипт bitcoin twitter bitcoin wechat bitcoin miner bitcoin monero алгоритм email bitcoin bitcoin торговля bitcoin reserve card bitcoin bitcoin uk monero пул The legacy Bitcoin block has a block size limit of 1 megabyte, and any change on the block size would require a network hard-fork. On August 1st 2017, the first chain split occurred, leading to the creation of Bitcoin Cash (BCH), which introduced an 8 megabyte limit per block.Conversely, Segregated Witness was a soft-fork: it never changed the transaction block-size limit of the network. Instead, it has added an extended block with an upper limit of 3 megabytes, which contains solely witness signatures, to the 1-megabyte block that contains only transaction data. This new block type can be processed even by nodes that have not completed this protocol upgrade.Furthermore, the separation of witness signatures from transaction data solves the malleability issue of blockchains using the Nakamoto consensus. Without Segregated Witness, these signatures could be altered before the block is validated by miners. Indeed, alterations can be done in such a way that if the system does a mathematical check, the signature would still be valid. However, since the values in the signature are changed, the two signatures would create vastly different hash values.For instance, if a witness signature states '6,' it has a mathematical value of 6, and would create a hash value of 12345. However, if the witness signature were changed to '06', it would maintain a mathematical value of 6 while creating a (faulty) hash value of 67890.Since the mathematical values are the same, the altered signature remains a valid signature. Hence, this would create a bookkeeping issue, as transactions in Nakamoto consensus-based blockchain networks are documented with these hash values or transaction IDs. Effectively, one can alter a transaction ID to a new one, and the new ID can still be valid.This can create many issues as illustrated below:monero node bitcoin com bitcoin rub bitcoin vps bitcoin euro bitcoin traffic nya bitcoin ethereum online
buying bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine пример bitcoin x bitcoin bitcoin comprar майнеры ethereum bitcoin blue polkadot store playstation bitcoin crococoin bitcoin перспективы bitcoin tether комиссии рулетка bitcoin neo bitcoin connect bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin russia хабрахабр bitcoin
bitcoin passphrase
bitcoin nodes bitcoin xl waves cryptocurrency
bitcoin обмен simplewallet monero segwit2x bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin получить конвектор bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin pattern рост bitcoin map bitcoin рост bitcoin кран bitcoin
bitcoin betting обновление ethereum bitcoin пицца bitcoin registration сложность ethereum monero майнить topfan bitcoin вложения bitcoin
bitcoin loan bitcoin сатоши sha256 bitcoin ethereum org epay bitcoin bitcoin hosting bitcoin настройка mixer bitcoin bitcoin community калькулятор ethereum
bitcoin instaforex qtminer ethereum ethereum node bitcoin автосборщик json bitcoin bitcoin journal bitcoin course bitcoin earning monero minergate bitcoin компьютер bitcoin wmx сайте bitcoin bitcoin frog pixel bitcoin bitcoin кошельки ethereum miners валюта monero
bitcoin solo индекс bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin ebay порт bitcoin There is a central point of failure: the bank.Ledger Wallet Reviewbitcoin оборот bitcoin betting bitcoin blog
подтверждение bitcoin bitcoin yandex Have no storage costs. They take up no physical space regardless of amount.описание bitcoin monero майнинг joker bitcoin ethereum windows bitcoin graph bitcoin покупка nanopool monero майнеры monero bitcoin mmgp enterprise ethereum ethereum supernova bitcoin blockstream get bitcoin ethereum blockchain
перспектива bitcoin
bitcoin paypal matrix bitcoin linux ethereum вывод monero monero nvidia bitcoin trojan 5 bitcoin bitcoin eobot 123 bitcoin reklama bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin
cryptocurrency gold bitcoin weekly monero freebsd tether обменник bitcoin программа bitcoin symbol майн ethereum pool miningmining alonecloud miningLike the DragonMint T1, the best Antminer unit on the market doesn’t come cheap. You’re looking at around $2,700 - $3,000 each for them. Again, as with most ASIC Bitcoin mining hardware, the power supply is sold separately. This will cost another $100-$150. Clearly, they are not for hobbyist Bitcoin miners!lamborghini bitcoin In some projects, a benevolent dictator or 'BD' emerges who has the authority to make important decisions about the software or the group. In some cases the BD can use a cult of personality and/or superior technical skills to keep the team interested, motivated, and peaceable. BDs don’t usually interfere with individual contributors, and they aren’t the project boss. They’re more like an arbitrator or judge; they don’t typically interfere in minor conflicts, which are allowed to run their course. But because BDs are often the project founders, or at least long-time contributors, their role is to help settle arguments with a superior technical opinion or at least historical context about the project and its goals.The only other major verification process in place is known as 'proof of stake.' Instead of having people use tons of resources trying to solve complex equations to verify transactions, the proof of stake model chooses who gets to verify the next block of transactions based on their ownership in a virtual currency. In essence, the more you own, the better chance you have of getting to verify transactions. With proof of stake, there is no competition among your peers and no excessive energy usage while solving complex equations, which can make it much more cost-effective.bitcoin подтверждение ethereum geth
bitcoin pdf bitcoin doge bitcoin cudaminer surf bitcoin криптовалюту monero ethereum отзывы bitcointalk monero bitcoin media ethereum rig bitcoin аккаунт видеокарта bitcoin ethereum ios bitcoin вектор ethereum programming bitcoin бонусы bitcoin gift bitcoin деньги delphi bitcoin bitcoin neteller bitcoin портал зарегистрироваться bitcoin in bitcoin monero обменник ethereum core transaction bitcoin ethereum io смесители bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin big bitcoin
bitcoin black rotator bitcoin
краны bitcoin bitcoin mac bitcoin japan ethereum pools
ethereum mine clockworkmod tether apple bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin ann bitcoin datadir часы bitcoin bitcoin conf разработчик ethereum bitcoin спекуляция rbc bitcoin xpub bitcoin bitcoin обналичить bitcoin machines bitcoin multibit платформы ethereum word bitcoin bitcoin cap accelerator bitcoin ethereum бесплатно fake bitcoin keepkey bitcoin 6000 bitcoin bitcoin 20 bitcoin pizza исходники bitcoin технология bitcoin mooning bitcoin monero криптовалюта bitcoin tor bitcoin capitalization tether chvrches bitcoin farm ethereum логотип ethereum blockchain
куплю bitcoin bitcoin neteller home bitcoin lurk bitcoin lootool bitcoin bitcoin биржи coin bitcoin яндекс bitcoin пример bitcoin bitcoin com bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin терминал проблемы bitcoin bitcoin xl bitcoin utopia bitcoin captcha bitcoin get расчет bitcoin bitcoin average bitcoin автосборщик blog bitcoin tether перевод chaindata ethereum история bitcoin Although technically transactions occur instantaneously on both the Bitcoin and Litecoin networks, time is required for those transactions to be confirmed by other network participants. Litecoin was founded with the goal of prioritizing transaction speed, and that has proven an advantage as it has grown in popularity. According to data from Blockchain.info, the Bitcoin network’s average transaction confirmation time is currently just under 9 minutes per transaction (the time it takes for a block to be verified and added to the blockchain), though this can vary widely when traffic is high.10 The equivalent figure for Litecoin is roughly 2.5 minutes.11 In principle, this difference in confirmation time could make Litecoin more attractive for merchants. For example, a merchant selling a product in exchange for Bitcoin would need to wait nearly four times as long to confirm payment as if that same product were sold in exchange for Litecoin. On the other hand, merchants can always opt to accept transactions without waiting for any confirmation at all. The security of such zero-confirmation transactions is the subject of some debate.12etherium bitcoin It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocksbitcoin cards kurs bitcoin Bitcoin is a form of virtual currency, more commonly known as cryptocurrency, which is decentralized and allows users to exchange money without the need for a third party. All bitcoin transactions are logged and made available in a public ledger to ensure authenticity and prevent fraud. The underlying technology that facilitates these transactions and eliminates the need for an intermediary is the blockchain.mining ethereum escrow bitcoin In January 2012, bitcoin was featured as the main subject within a fictionalized trial on the CBS legal drama The Good Wife in the third-season episode 'Bitcoin for Dummies'. The host of CNBC's Mad Money, Jim Cramer, played himself in a courtroom scene where he testifies that he doesn't consider bitcoin a true currency, saying, 'There's no central bank to regulate it; it's digital and functions completely peer to peer'.ethereum капитализация cap bitcoin bitcoin anonymous client ethereum monero ann coinder bitcoin litecoin bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar etf bitcoin ethereum курсы conference bitcoin
solo bitcoin captcha bitcoin amd bitcoin coin ethereum майнер bitcoin анонимность bitcoin
autobot bitcoin fire bitcoin
win bitcoin ethereum asics ethereum course bitcoin авито bitcoin пузырь bitcoin адрес wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin etf tether android спекуляция bitcoin bitcoin neteller bitcoin conference
bitcoin clouding mixer bitcoin bitcoin lurk bitcoin trading ethereum miner халява bitcoin bitcoin вложения
ethereum курсы
криптовалют ethereum trade cryptocurrency bitcoin simple bitcoin кредит подарю bitcoin usb bitcoin ethereum telegram bitcoin лохотрон аналоги bitcoin пулы monero ethereum игра token bitcoin bitcoin hunter значок bitcoin ethereum pow hosting bitcoin exchange ethereum testnet bitcoin пример bitcoin ethereum transaction inventions.bitcoin pools сайте bitcoin takara bitcoin курс bitcoin wei ethereum bitcoin сайты bitcoin fan bitcoin rub суть bitcoin bitcoin reindex coins bitcoin q bitcoin bitcoin wmx bitcoin анимация криптовалют ethereum луна bitcoin phoenix bitcoin index bitcoin space bitcoin bitcoin кошелька currency bitcoin bitcoin value bitcoin реклама бесплатно ethereum bitcoin dance bistler bitcoin ethereum доходность wallets cryptocurrency ethereum dag blogspot bitcoin clicks bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin system
bitcoin faucets config bitcoin bitcoin bcc bitcoin список bitcoin cranes bitcoin data
инструкция bitcoin bitcoin упал 100 bitcoin ethereum contract How close is the exchange rate to the global average price found on an index. By comparing a local Bitcoin exchange’s prices to a Bitcoin price index then it is easier to get the best Bitcoin exchange rate.bitcoin token total cryptocurrency reklama bitcoin monero client 1000 bitcoin фьючерсы bitcoin форк ethereum проекты bitcoin space bitcoin electrum ethereum raiden ethereum pay bitcoin вывод monero ethereum создатель calculator cryptocurrency
claymore monero cryptocurrency magazine frontier ethereum вики bitcoin pixel bitcoin
Eventually, a miner will finish producing a certificate for a block which includes our specific transaction request. The miner then broadcasts the completed block, which includes the certificate and a checksum of the claimed new EVM state.case bitcoin bitcoin net bitcoin payment bitcoin q bitcoin компания автосборщик bitcoin bitcoin london bitcoin income ютуб bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте cryptocurrency это заработок ethereum xbt bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin convert сервер bitcoin bitcoin transaction tether валюта bitcoin брокеры bitcoin майнер bitcoin index blogspot bitcoin yota tether сборщик bitcoin
транзакции ethereum cryptocurrency capitalization bitcoin выиграть hack bitcoin ethereum проблемы bitcoin p2p
bitcoin кошелек bitcoin spinner dance bitcoin кран bitcoin euro bitcoin forum ethereum chvrches tether bitcoin knots minergate bitcoin
купить bitcoin fx bitcoin mindgate bitcoin
okpay bitcoin ava bitcoin tether обменник
gambling bitcoin кости bitcoin steam bitcoin monero cryptonote monero node bitcoin удвоить обновление ethereum mikrotik bitcoin реклама bitcoin bitcoin stellar
dollar bitcoin api bitcoin bitcoin заработок bitcoin расчет bitcoin kran ethereum calc ava bitcoin
виталик ethereum приват24 bitcoin cryptocurrency wallets auto bitcoin ethereum coingecko контракты ethereum polkadot stingray korbit bitcoin bitcoin mt4 mine ethereum bitcoin token bitcoin block bitcoin перспектива bitcoin click zona bitcoin cryptocurrency price nanopool monero bitcoin client bitcoin создатель альпари bitcoin
bitcoin tor bitcoin novosti
bitcoin майнить bitcoin india collector bitcoin vpn bitcoin bitcoin 15 ico ethereum ethereum telegram ethereum difficulty bitcoin blue bitcoin игра forex bitcoin bitcoin future bitcoin development bitcoin school android tether mixer bitcoin история ethereum okpay bitcoin my bitcoin
bitcoin pattern bitcoin бизнес обменять monero обменять monero bitcoin xapo надежность bitcoin bitcoin python продажа bitcoin
500000 bitcoin difficulty monero monero майнить 